Porter 5 force analysis

表一　波特五力分析與對應元素
波特五力	對應元素
客戶議價能力 （the bargaining power of customers）	buyer concentration to firm concentration ratio bargaining leverage buyer volume buyer switching costs relative to firm switching costs buyer information availability ability to backward integrate availability of existing substitute products buyer price sensitivity price of total purchase
供應商議價能力 （the bargaining power of suppliers）	supplier switching costs relative to firm switching costs degree of differentiation of inputs presence of substitute inputs supplier concentration to firm concentration ratio threat of forward integration by suppliers relative to the threat of backward integration by firms cost of inputs relative to selling price of the product importance of volume to supplier
新近入者的競爭 （the threat of new entrants）	the existence of barriers to entry economies of scale proprietary product differences brand equity switching costs capital requirements access to distribution absolute cost advantages learning curve advantages expected retaliation government policies
替代品的威脅 （the threat of substitute products）	buyer propensity to substitute relative price performance of substitutes buyer switching costs perceived level of product differentiation
現有廠商的競爭 （The intensity of competitive rivalry）	power of buyers power of suppliers threat of new entrants threat of substitute products industrial growth industry overcapacity exit barriers diversity of competitors informational complexity and asymmetry brand equity fixed cost allocation per value added